I. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода страдательного залога.
1. The criminal law is interpreted by the courts but changes in the law are made by Parliament.
2. Common Law, the ancient Law of the land, has never been precisely defined or codified.
3. Compensation to victims of violent crimes must be assessed on the basis of Common Law damages.
4. The maximum period for which a suspected terrorist can be held in custody will be reduced from 72 to 48 hours.
5. Both Acts were being reviewed by an independent person when the Government proposed to change the Prevention of Terrorism Act introduced in 1974.
II. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого.
1. Дела для суда подготавливаются поверенными.
2. Это преступление уже рассмотрели в суде более высокой инстанции.
3. Аудитория занята, там сейчас проводят экзамен по праву.
4. Этот судья был назначен в прошлом году.
5. Все апелляции направят в Палату Лордов.
III. Определите функцию причастия I и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The Independent Commission supervises any case involving death or serious injury.
2. Releasing the offender the officer cautioned him not to drive too fast.
3. Having been questioned he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation.
4. Questions relating to an offence may normally not be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence.
5. Investigating the case public officials collect the data and evidence.
IV. Определите функцию причастия II и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. There are a number of common services provided by the central government and by arrangements between forces.
2. When charged with murder he was arrested.
3. Outside London the police are all local forces employed and paid by counties or county boroughs.
4. In England and Wales arrests may be made with or without a warrant issued by a magistrate.
5. When convicted by a magistrates’ court a person may appeal to the Crown Court.
V. Определите функцию герундия и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. As soon as there is a sufficient evidence to charge a person the police must decide on a method of dealing with him or her.
2. A person may be held in custody if there are grounds for believing that detention is necessary for his or her own protection.
3. Investigating crimes and offences is one of the main tasks of the police.
4. The Government started altering court procedures regarding cases of serious or complex fraud.
5. The solicitor is satisfied with preparing the case of fraud.
VI. Определите функцию слов с окончаниями –ed и –ing и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. People committing a crime must be punished.
2. Committing any crime a criminal must remember that he will be punished.
3. The police took measures to prevent committing a crime.
4. Committing suicide was always considered a sin.
5. The police arrested the criminal at the moment he was committing a crime.
6. A British police officer may be sued for any wrong act committed in carrying out duties.
7. When committed by a police officer any wrong act in carrying out duties may be a ground to sue him.
8. Many crimes and offences are committed by young people.
9. Every person who committed a crime must be punished.
10. After the criminal had committed a crime he was arrested and imprisoned.
VII. Прочитайте текст, выпишите 10 предложений со словами “that, those, one, ones”, определите их функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык.
THE LEGAL PROFESSION
1. The legal profession in England and Wales is divided into two branches: those of barristers and solicitors.
2. Solicitors are sometimes called the junior branch of the legal profession and are much more numerous. When one is in need of advice, whether buying or selling some property, or in questions regarding inheritance, or in the case of a dispute, one must go to the solicitor’s office for advice. In most cases the solicitor is able to deal with the matter himself, and he also is able to plead the case for his client in a magistrates’ court. If, however, the case, whether a civil or a criminal one, is more complicated and has to be heard in a higher court, the solicitor engages a barrister to whom he hands over the task of representing the client in court. The solicitor cannot plead in a higher court.
3. A solicitor is a person who must spend some years with an estab¬lished firm of solicitors, where he works whilst studying part time for the examinations of the Law Society. Solicitors usually work together in «firms» or partnerships.
4. Barristers have the right to address any high courts (i.e. higher than magistrates’ ones); they are referred to as «counsels» in court. As «counsel for the prosecution» a barrister will try to prove the accused person’s guilt. As «counsel for the defence» he will defend the accused. To become a barrister a student must join one of the four Inns of Court — Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, the Middle Temple and the Inner Temple. He must also remain twelve terms as a student at his Inn; this requires that he must attend on six evenings during the term for the purpose of dining in the Hall. A barrister must pass the legal examinations conducted by the Council of Legal Examination, after which he may be «called to the Bar»; a barrister’s services in court can be engaged only through a solicitor. When a young barrister begins his career, he must join the «chambers of an established barrister» and for some years is usually able to earn very little money. The training is a long and expensive one and only those with private incomes can embark on such a career.
5. Later he may be appointed a Queen’s Counsel (QC) which is a senior barrister, permitted by the Lord Chancellor to «take silk», i.e. wear a silk gown; he may only then appear in court when accompanied by another barrister, and his or her practice is confined to important cases carrying high fees. A barrister not a QC is known as a «junior» irrespective of his or her age.
6. The distinction between barrister and solicitor is peculiar to Great Britain; in other countries though lawyers may specialize, there is no formal division between advocates and other lawyers. There is no judicial profession in England; judges and full-time paid magistrates are appointed from among barristers of long-standing, and not from the rank of solicitors.
7. Since the beginning of the fourteenth century English judges, lawyers, clerks and students have lived, studied and worked at the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln’s Inn and Gray’s Inn. Each society has its own historic buildings, with chapels, libraries, dining-halls and rooms for work and leisure, as well as beautiful gardens. Together those societies are known as the Bar, or General Body of Barristers. All four societies are over 500 years old.
8. Famous men have lived in the Temple, such as Oliver Cromwell, Charles Dickens, Dr.Johnson, Thomas More and Thackeray. The Inns have very great powers and are rich, although the extent of their wealth is not known, since they are exempted from publishing their accounts. They are, in fact, a «survival of medieval republican oligarchy, the last that can be found in Europe”.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык абзацы 4, 5 и 6.
IX. Дайте ответ на вопрос:
What is the main difference between barristers and solicitors?